Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting
Methane intensity concept
The intensity baseline, target and ambition are presented as percentage figures, which represent the volume of methane emissions for the upstream gas and oil sector as a percentage of the volume of the total gas marketed for the same upstream sector.Electricity. We calculate emissions from electricity generation with the EPA's eGRID emission factors based on 2016 data published in 2018, using the US average electricity source emissions of 0.9884 lbs CO2 per kWh (0.4483 kgs CO2 per kWh).
The Grid Carbon Factor is measured in grams of CO2 equivalent emitted for each kWhr of electricity generated on the National Grid: grams CO2e/kWhr.
To convert to carbon dioxide, multiply by the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide to that of carbon (44/12), to yield a value of -365.29 metric tons CO2/hectare/year (or -147.83 metric tons CO2/acre/year) in the year of conversion.
Rationale and definition:
The proposed power sector indicator is defined as the amount (measured in grams) of CO2 emissions per unit of generated electricity (measured in kilowatt-hour) from new capacities installed (between two dates of measurement of the indicator).Definition. An emission factor is a coefficient which allows to convert activity data into GHG emissions. It is the average emission rate of a given source, relative to units of activity or process/processes.[1] For example: the natural gas emits 0.244 kg CO2eq / kWh ICV (European mean) with 5% uncertainty.
Emission factors of common fuels
| Fuel/ Resource | Thermal g(CO2-eq)/MJth | Energy Intensity (min & max estimate) W·hth/W·he |
|---|
| Coal | B:91.50–91.72 Br:94.33 88 | B:2.62–2.85 Br:3.46 3.01 |
| Oil | 73 | 3.40 |
| Natural gas | cc:68.20 oc:68.40 51 | cc:2.35 (2.20 – 2.57) oc:3.05 (2.81 – 3.46) |
| Geothermal Power | 3~ | |
Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. The gas responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide, or CO2.
How much carbon dioxide is produced when different fuels are burned?
| Coal (anthracite) | 228.6 |
|---|
| Diesel fuel and heating oil | 161.3 |
| Gasoline (without ethanol) | 157.2 |
| Propane | 139.0 |
| Natural gas | 117.0 |
For example, coal with a carbon content of 78 percent and a heating value of 14,000 Btu per pound emits about 204.3 pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu when completely burned. Complete combustion of 1 short ton (2,000 pounds) of this coal will generate about 5,720 pounds (2.86 short tons) of carbon dioxide.
Primary fuels that produce CO2 when combusted include coal, natural gas, distillate heating fuel, diesel, gasoline, and propane. These fuels have different carbon intensities, ranging from about 100 kg CO2/MMBtu for coal (depending on the coal type) to 53 kg CO2/MMBtu for natural gas.
1 kg of L-gas consists for 61,4% of carbon, or 614 grammes of carbon per kg of L-gas. In order to combust this carbon to CO2, 1638 grammes of oxygen is needed. The sum is then 614 + 1638 = 2252 grammes of CO2/kg of L-gas. An average consumption of 5 kg / 100 km then corresponds to 5 kg x 2252 g/kg = 113 g CO2/km.
Every million BTUs released from burning coal releases an average of 208 pounds of CO2 (see note below). Since a ton of coal has 20.025 million BTUs, that means it creates 4,172 pounds of CO2 when it is burned. Running our 100-watt bulb for one year will produce 1,670 pounds of CO2.
Current output
An estimate of current carbon intensity taking into account embedded generation is 223 g/kWh. Source data updates every 5 minutes, this page will auto refresh.An absolute target refers to a target that aims to reduce GHG emissions by a set amount. For example, Company A has set an emissions target aiming to reduce their emissions by 20% by 2025. This allows a business to set emissions reduction targets while accounting for economic growth.
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross
Absolute reduction refers to the total quantity of greenhouse gas emissions being emitted, whereas intensity compares the amount of emissions to some unit of economic output.
In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are:
- Water vapor (H. 2O)
- Carbon dioxide (CO.
- Methane (CH.
- Nitrous oxide (N. 2O)
- Ozone (O.
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Hydrofluorocarbons (includes HCFCs and HFCs)
In 2017, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from burning fossil fuels for energy were equal to about 76% of total U.S. anthropogenic GHG emissions (based on global warming potential) and about 93% of total U.S. anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
Scope 2 GHG emissions are indirect emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the Agency. Scope 2 includes emissions that result from the generation of electricity, heat or steam purchased by the Agency from a utility provider.
Drive Less
- Go easy on the gas and brakes — driving efficiently can help to reduce emissions.
- Regularly service your car to keep it more efficient.
- Check your tires.
- Air conditioning and intensive city driving can make emissions creep up.
- Use cruise control on long drives — in most cases, this can help to save gas.
an emission factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant.
Joint Implementation. Joint implementation (JI) is one of three flexibility mechanisms set out in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries with binding greenhouse gas emissions targets (the Annex I countries) meet their treaty obligations.
The most common method is the Tier 1
Calculation Method:
GHG emission = 0.001 * Fuel Usage * High heat value *
Emission factor.
For EPA GHG reporting, you'll need to track the following GHG emissions:
- Carbon dioxide.
- Methane.
- Nitrous Oxide.
- Hydrofluorocarbon gases.
- Perfluorocarbon gases.
- Sulfur Hexafluoride.
In terms of overall emissions, the United States, India and China were all ranked among the five largest emitters, with China taking the top spot.
Some of the environmental effects that have been associated with meat production are pollution through fossil fuel usage, animal methane, effluent waste, and water and land consumption. Meat is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current sixth mass extinction.
The human CO2 content in the air is thus only 0.0016 percent. The claim “95 percent from natural sources” and the “0.0016 percent” are simply wrong (neither does the arithmetic add up – how would 5% of 0.04 be 0.0016?).
Coca-Cola, Pepsi highlight the 20 corporations producing the most ocean pollution
- Mental medicare:San Francisco proposes nation's first universal mental health care system.
- Saudi Aramco.
- Gazprom.
- National Iranian Oil.
- Coal India.
- Shenhua Group.
Electricity production (30 percent of 2014 greenhouse gas emissions) – Electricity production generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately 67 percent of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas.
Globally, the average is closer to 4 tons. To have the best chance of avoiding a 2℃ rise in global temperatures, the average global carbon footprint per year needs to drop under 2 tons by 2050. Lowering individual carbon footprints from 16 tons to 2 tons doesn't happen overnight!
So how damaging is flying, and is it really worse than eating meat? Animal agriculture is responsible for approximately 15% of our global emissions. But on an individual level, flights create a far greater impact. If you fly once a year or more, those flights will make up the largest chunk of your carbon footprint.
2017 rankings by per capita emissions
| Rank | Country | CO2 emissions (per capita) |
|---|
| 1 | Saudi Arabia | 16.1T |
| 2 | Australia | 15.6T |
| 3 | United States | 14.6T |
| 4 | Canada | 14.9T |
Meat products have larger carbon footprints per calorie than grain or vegetable products because of the inefficient transformation of plant energy to animal energy, along with the methane released from manure management and enteric fermentation in ruminants.
